On the Role of Speech In Psychoanalysis: Revisiting Lacan's "Function and Field".

A number of underutilized concepts in Lacan's "Function and Field of Language and Speech in Psychoanalysis" are examined with an eye to rendering them accessible and practicable to analysts from outside the Lacanian tradition. The concepts of empty and full speech are discussed, along with the notions of the subject of the unconscious, and speaking as itself a mode of intersubjectivity. Attention is afforded the future-oriented mode of psychic temporality that Lacan argues pertains to psychoanalytic practice (that of the future anterior tense, the standpoint from which analysands situate themselves in respect of what they "will have been"). These concepts are then linked to technical initiatives-such as punctuation (the "editorial" role the analyst plays in reference to the analysand's speech) and scansion (the use of suspension, interruption, or cutting to highlight facets of that speech). These techniques can be read as extensions of Freud's fundamental rule of free association insofar as they aim to disrupt defensive ego narratives, engage unconscious processes, and draw analysands' attention, in a potentially transformative manner, to their speech and what it does.

Liquid Modernity and Imagistic Production: Reflections on Social Media and Free Associations.

Social media has profound impact on how we experience the world and interact with others. Rapidly advancing technology has created platforms that have become increasingly image-based and emotionally manipulative. Do the new patterns of communication change patients' mental processes? Is free association becoming more imagistic? Contemporary clinical settings invite new perspectives on the intersections between the social and individual realms, patients' modes of expression, and analysts' interpretations.

Free-Association Session Scale: factor structure and preliminary validity test.

One of the main concepts of the psychoanalytic method postulated by Freud in 1912 is the fundamental rule, which involves asking the patient to say whatever comes to mind as the analyst follows the patient's speech with fluctuating attention. Despite different theoretical models, this concept has remained an invariant element that characterizes the psychoanalytic method. For this reason, the purpose of the current study is to present a new instrument that measures this process based on the clinician's assessment. The Free-Association Session Scale (FASS) has been designed according to the psychoanalytic framework. Study 1 presented the preliminary validation of the FASS factor structure. Experienced Italian psychoanalysts (N = 281; 196 women) completed the FASS and sociodemographic questionnaire. The following two factors were identified using exploratory factor analysis: (1) Perturbing, and (2) Associativity. Study 2 cross-validated the two factors using an independent sample (N = 259; 187 women) of experienced psychoanalysts and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The FASS has been tested for concurrent validity using the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and Linguistic measures of the Referential process. The two-factor model achieved a close-fit test, and the FASS items were found to measure the corresponding factors with good reliability. The Perturbing factor is negatively associated with three SEQ factors (Depth, Smoothness, and Positivity) and negatively correlated with symbolization (IWRAD and IWRAD_IWRRL), confirming a more complex and unexpected session. The Associativity factor is positively associated with all four SEQ factors (Depth, Smoothness, Positivity, and Arousal). In conclusion, the FASS is a promising new questionnaire for assessing psychoanalytic session quality processes with satisfactory validity and reliability.

Free Association and Inner Speech-On the Internal Form of Words.

This comment paper reviews Fossa (2022) from the perspective of the semiotics of inner speech. The syntactic and semantic features of inner speech described in Vygotsky, Thinking and Speech, Chap. 7, are, on the one hand, a source of creativity through the affective dimension of inner spech and, on the other hand, a therapeutic function of psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy. The function of inner speech in the pre-reflective dimension is the focus of Fossa's edited volume. In order to reinforce this argument, the present paper takes as its cue the internal forms of words discussed by Potebnya and examines them. The internal form of words has certain primordial features and evokes a figure (образ; picture). Internal forms have figurative properties. Through this context-independent figuration (phonological, visual image, experiential sense of meaning), semantics causes a unit with other words in a loose semantic linkage. As they are not bound by the external form of segmented speech, they bring about a sense of reification, as if the internal form repeats itself in the proximity of semantic sense, even if the manifested expressive content is different. The internal form of words, in which the form conveys meaning as it is, reveals the semiotic character of dreams and free association, which psychoanalysis uses as clinical material. Many psychotherapies actively use pre-linguistic mediating effects, because surrendering to the internal forms that are repeated in inner speech allows the subject to return to a pre-reflective dimension from which a new subject can be recovered. From the above, this paper has shown that in the boundary zone of the transition from inner speech to outer speech situations, exposure to alterity, to intimate unknown, is involved in the constitution of the subject.

Social Representations of "Tinnitus" and "Health" among Individuals with Tinnitus Seeking Online Psychological Interventions.

(1) Objective: Social representations theory (SRT) is a body of theory within social psychology concerned with how individuals, groups, and communities collectively make sense of socially relevant or problematic issues, ideas, and practices. SRT has been increasingly sued in the area of health and disability. The current study examined the social representations of "tinnitus" and "health" among individuals with tinnitus who are seeking online psychological interventions. (2) Materials/Method: The data were gathered using a free association task about their "tinnitus" and "health" from 399 individuals with tinnitus. The data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative analyses methods. (3) Results: The responses resulted in 39 and 30 categories respectively, for "tinnitus" and "health". The most commonly occurring categories for tinnitus included: descriptions of tinnitus (18%), annoying (13.5%), persistent (8%), and distracting (5%). The most commonly occurring categories for health included: content (12%), conditions (8%), active (7%), take control (6%), and overweight (5%). The responses to tinnitus had predominantly negative connotations (i.e., 76.9%) whereas a larger proportion of responses toward their health was related to positive connotations (i.e., 46.4%). These frequently occurring items were also dominant in similarities analysis. Prototypical analysis of tinnitus responses identified categories horrible and bothersome to be key items in the central zone. The categories in central zone of health responses included: content, active, healthy, grateful, and overweight. (4) Conclusions: Individuals with tinnitus have very negative view of their tinnitus impacting their psychological status. Tinnitus management should focus on reducing the negative associations toward their tinnitus and strengthen the positive aspects related to their general health.

Some Arguments About Free Association as a Technique.

Freud, early in psychoanalytic history, modified hypnotic technique and recommended, in its stead, free association. This paper takes a close look at the theoretical foundations of that technique in light of theoretical developments over the past hundred plus years. It is argued that free association is similar to an asymptote, which is never quite reached. Moreover, it is argued that the direction to free associate is contraindicated in many, if not most, psychological disturbances. Guided association or avoidance of free association is sometimes required. For a limited group of patients, whose major ego functions (abstraction, integration, and reality testing), ego strengths (impulse control, affect tolerance, and containing primary process), object relations (capacities for empathy, trust, and closeness), and superego (shame/guilt) are intact, the direction to use the couch and attempt to free associate may still be quite useful. For most people who present for treatment, however, this approach is likely not beneficial. The complex arguments about the decision-making process regarding free association are discussed.

Interpretation as Hypothesis.

Two distinct spaces can be seen as operating in a session-a private one in the analyst's mind, where formulations take shape, and one shared between patient and analyst, in which interpretations are offered. By maintaining a focus on the here and now in the latter space, taking care to protect it from intrusions from the analyst's theory except as hypotheses (in the form of interpretations derived from those formulations) aimed at eliciting unconscious responses that further the analytic inquiry, a basis for analytic work is established that aligns with ordinary scientific processes: theory is generated in the mind of the researcher, and hypotheses derived from it are tested systematically in a laboratory setting. Self-understanding that develops out of such an arrangement can then be seen as based on evidence, minimizing the role of suggestion. This line of thinking is illustrated with excerpts from the beginning of the analysis of a depressed patient. In developing areas of theory, when reliable evidence is particularly important, this way of working holds promise. In this case evidence was systematically gathered that led to the formulation of a model of internal racism.

What Is Expressed in "Free-Association"? Theoretical Notes on the Erotic Poetics of freier Einfalle.

Despite the historical importance of free-association to psychoanalysis, there are theoretical tensions within the discipline as to how we think about what is expressed in free association and why it might be important to listen and become aware of ourselves free associatively. This method has usually been conceived of as a mode of speaking with the purpose of listening in order to hear and to arrive at the formulations of interpretation and insight. Rather than solely having this epistemological purpose, it can also be considered as an ontological freeing of subtle energies leading to greater aliveness. Pivotal to this way of approaching psychoanalytic processes are the "helpful notions" of psychic energy and of repression, with the latter being understood not as an eviction of representational forms from the domain of consciousness, but rather as the deformation of representations into traces of psychic energy that remain actively disruptive within us. The author suggests that, through free-associative processes, the patient and the psychoanalyst can become aware of movements of psychic energy that cannot be formulated in the representationality of self-consciousness. This unorthodox reading of Freud's discoveries leads to an interesting "ontoethical" appreciation of psychoanalytic processes as somatically grounded and erotically poetic.

Remote workers' free associations with working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria: The interaction between children and gender.

Empirical evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic shows that women carried the major burden of additional housework in families. In a mixed-methods study, we investigate female and male remote workers' experiences of working from home (WFH) during the pandemic. We used the free association technique to uncover remote workers' representations about WFH (i.e., workers' reflection of subjective experiences). Based on a sample of 283 Austrian remote workers cohabitating with their intimate partners our findings revealed that in line with traditional social roles, men and women in parent roles are likely to experience WFH differently: Mothers' representations about WFH emphasize perceived incompatibility between the work and non-work sphere whereas fathers' representations highlight work-family facilitation of WFH. However, gender differences were also prevalent for women and men without children: Women seem to particularly benefit from more concentration at home, whereas men consider WFH as more efficient, practical and leading to less work. Thus, our findings imply that gender affected perceptions of WFH during the pandemic independently from children, but children seemed to increase the existing burden, in particular for women. To conclude, WFH can generally be seen as an enabler to reduce work-life/family conflict for both women and men, but bears different challenges based on the contextual (family) situation.

Psychoanalytic psychotherapies and the free energy principle.

In this paper I propose a model of the fundamental components of psychoanalytic psychotherapies that I try to explicate with contemporary theories of the Bayesian brain and the Free Energy Principle (FEP). I first show that psychoanalytic therapies require a setting (made up of several envelopes), a particular psychic state and specific processes (transference, free association, dreaming, play, reflexivity and narrativity) in order to induce psychic transformations. I then analyze how these processes of transformations operate and how they can be enlightened by the FEP. I first underline the fact that psychoanalytic therapies imply non-linear processes taking time to unfold and require a setting containing high entropy processes. More precisely, these processes are characterized by an interplay between extension and reduction of free energy. This interplay also favors the emergence of new orders of subjective experience, which occur following states of disorder, according to a certain energetic threshold allowing the modification and improvement of mental functioning. These high entropy states are also characterized by random functioning and psychic malleability which favors the exploration of subjective experience in an original manner. Overall, the approach proposed in this paper support the dialogue between psychoanalysis and other fields of research while underlining how psychoanalytical theoretical and conceptual constructs can also be useful to other disciplines, in particular the neurosciences of subjectivity.

Measuring Conceptual Associations via the Development of the Chinese Visual Remote Associates Test.

Multiple versions of the Chinese Remote Associates Test (CRAT) have been developed. Thus far, all CRATs have employed verbal stimuli; other forms of stimuli have not yet been used. In this context, the present study compiled a Chinese Visual Remote Associates Test (CVRAT) that conforms to the Chinese language and culture based on a picture naming database. The developed CVRAT has two versions, CVRAT-A and CVRAT-B, each comprising 20 test questions. A typical CVRAT question consists of three stimuli pictures, requiring respondents to propose a target word that is semantically associated with all the pictures. When compiling the CVRAT, this study first selected target words, sifted through stimuli words and corresponding pictures, and analyzed pilot test questions. After compilation, their reliability and validity were examined. The results showed that the CVRAT had moderate internal consistency reliability, good criterion-related validity for the Chinese Word Remote Associates Test (CWRAT), Chinese Radical Remote Associates Test (CRRAT), Chinese Compound Remote Associates Test (CCRAT), insight problem-solving, as well as acceptable discriminant validity for fluency, flexibility, and originality of a divergent thinking test. In other words, CVRAT can effectively measure remote associative capability and provides a figural creativity test that facilitates the understanding of different kinds of remote associations.

"It's Okay With Our Culture but We're in a Different Place and We Have to Show Respect": Marshallese Migrants and Exclusive Breastfeeding Initiation.

BACKGROUND: Pacific Islanders in the United States have lower initiation rates and shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding compared to other racial/ethnic groups. RESEARCH AIM: To describe infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States. METHODS: We used a prospective and cross-sectional exploratory, descriptive qualitative design with Marshallese participants (N = 36) residing in the United States between July 2019 and July 2020. Data were collected at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Our qualitative analytic approach integrated inductive and deductive techniques. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 27.1 years (SD = 6.1), and 88.9% (n = 32) were born in the Marshall Islands. A majority of participants were single, widowed, or in an unmarried partnership (n = 28, 77.8%). Most participants had a high school education or lower (n = 30, 83.3%). Mean household size was 7.2 (SD = 2.8). Fewer than half of participants had no health insurance (n = 14, 38.9%), and almost all participants (91.7%) did not work at the time of data collection. Two themes emerged: 1) infant feeding initiation and practices; and 2) concerns over breastfeeding in public. The majority of participants' infants received both human milk and formula. Participants described beliefs that breastfeeding in public was against American customs, which influenced their decision about breastfeeding in public. CONCLUSIONS: Our study was the first to document infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Findings will inform future health education programs.

Low-dose LSD and the stream of thought: Increased Discontinuity of Mind, Deep Thoughts and abstract flow.

RATIONALE: Stream of thought describes the nature of the mind when it is freely roaming, a mental state that is continuous and highly dynamic as in mind-wandering or free association. Classic serotonergic psychedelics are known to profoundly impact perception, cognition and language, yet their influence on the stream of thought remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effects of LSD on the stream of thought. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 24 healthy participants received 50 µg lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or inactive placebo. Mind-wandering was measured by the Amsterdam Resting State Questionnaire (ARSQ), free association by the Forward Flow Task (FFT) for three seed word types (animals, objects, abstract words). ARSQ and FFT were assessed at +0 h, +2 h, +4 h, +6 h, +8 h and +24 h after drug administration, respectively. RESULTS: LSD, compared to placebo, induced different facets of mind-wandering we conceptualized as "chaos" (Discontinuity of Mind, decreased Sleepiness, Planning, Thoughts under Control, Thoughts about Work and Thoughts about Past), "meaning" (Deep Thoughts, Not Sharing Thoughts) and "sensation" (Thoughts about Odours, Thoughts about Sounds). LSD increased the FFT for abstract words reflecting an "abstract flow" under free association. Overall, chaos was strongest pronounced (+2 h to +6 h), followed by meaning (+2 h to +4 h), sensation (+2 h) and abstract flow (+4 h). CONCLUSIONS: LSD affects the stream of thought within several levels (active, passive), facets (chaos, meaning, sensation, abstractness) and time points (from +2 h to +6 h). Increased chaos, meaning and abstract flow at +4 h indicate the utility of a late therapeutic window in psycholytic therapy.

Lalangue de la lettre / Lalíngua da letra / Lalangue of the letter

La psychanalyse entre dans la lettre par une faute d'orthographe qui bascule d'emblée la norme alphabétique : c'est le néologisme d'un « apprendre à lire en s'alphabêtissant ¼ avec lequel Lacan, en commettant cette première faute d'orthographe dans l'apprentissage alphabétique de l'écriture, déplace la lettre comme support phonétique différentiel minimal, dans le champ de la bêtise, ce qui oblige la psychanalyse de passer par une lecture de ce qui se dit et suppose de « prendre la fonction d'écrit pour un mode autre du parlant dans le langage ¼. Alors la question se pose pourquoi on parle de la lettre et de l'écriture si la psychanalyse est essentiellement une pratique de parole, un dispositif, depuis Freud, de l'association libre, et non pas une pratique de l'écriture au sens de représentation de la parole voire de l'analyse d'un écrit, qu'il soit littéraire ou pas : pour analyser, on a besoin de l'énonciation. La lettre sera donc prise comme fonction du langage et de la jouissance.

A psicanálise entra na letra através de um erro ortográfico que sacode de saída, a norma alfabética: É o neologismo "aprender a ler analfabetizando-se" com que Lacan, cometendo este primeiro erro ortográfico na aprendizagem alfabética da escrita, desloca a letra do lugar de suporte fonético diferencial mínimo, para o campo da estupidez, o que obriga a psicanálise a passar por uma leitura do que é dito e supõe "considerar a função de escrever como modo outro do ser falante na linguagem". Coloca-se então a questão de porque falamos da letra e da escrita se a psicanálise é essencialmente uma prática da fala, um dispositivo, desde Freud, de associação livre, e não uma prática da escrita como uma representação da fala ou mesmo da análise de uma obra escrita, literária ou não: para analisar, precisamos de enunciação. A letra será assim considerada como função da língua e do gozo.

Psychoanalysis enters the letter through a spelling error that shakes the alphabetic norm from the outset: It is the neologism "learning to read by becoming illiterate" with which Lacan, committing this first orthographic error in the alphabetic learning of writing, displaces the letter from the place of minimal differential phonetic support, into the field of stupidity, which forces psychoanalysis to undergo an interpretation of what is said and supposes "to consider the function of writing as another mode of the talking being in language". The question then arises as to why we speak of the letter and of writing if psychoanalysis is essentially a practice of speech, a device, since Freud, of free association, and not a practice of writing as a representation of speech or even the analysis of a written work, literary or otherwise: to analyze, we need enunciation. The letter will thus be considered as a function of language and enjoyment.

Lalíngua da letra / Lalangue de la lettre / Lalangue of the letter

A psicanálise entra na letra através de um erro ortográfico que sacode de saída, a norma alfabética: É o neologismo "aprender a ler analfabetizando-se" com que Lacan, cometendo este primeiro erro ortográfico na aprendizagem alfabética da escrita, desloca a letra do lugar de suporte fonético diferencial mínimo, para o campo da estupidez, o que obriga a psicanálise a passar por uma leitura do que é dito e supõe "considerar a função de escrever como modo outro do ser falante na linguagem". Coloca-se então a questão de porque falamos da letra e da escrita se a psicanálise é essencialmente uma prática da fala, um dispositivo, desde Freud, de associação livre, e não uma prática da escrita como uma representação da fala ou mesmo da análise de uma obra escrita, literária ou não: para analisar, precisamos de enunciação. A letra será assim considerada como função da língua e do gozo.

La psychanalyse entre dans la lettre par une faute d'orthographe qui bascule d'emblée la norme alphabétique : c'est le néologisme d'un « apprendre à lire en s'alphabêtissant ¼ avec lequel Lacan, en commettant cette première faute d'orthographe dans l'apprentissage alphabétique de l'écriture, déplace la lettre comme support phonétique différentiel minimal, dans le champ de la bêtise, ce qui oblige la psychanalyse de passer par une lecture de ce qui se dit et suppose de « prendre la fonction d'écrit pour un mode autre du parlant dans le langage ¼. Alors la question se pose pourquoi on parle de la lettre et de l'écriture si la psychanalyse est essentiellement une pratique de parole, un dispositif, depuis Freud, de l'association libre, et non pas une pratique de l'écriture au sens de représentation de la parole voire de l'analyse d'un écrit, qu'il soit littéraire ou pas : pour analyser, on a besoin de l'énonciation. La lettre sera donc prise comme fonction du langage et de la jouissance

Psychoanalysis enters the letter through a spelling error that shakes the alphabetic norm from the outset: It is the neologism "learning to read by becoming illiterate" with which Lacan, committing this first orthographic error in the alphabetic learning of writing, displaces the letter from the place of minimal differential phonetic support, into the field of stupidity, which forces psychoanalysis to undergo an interpretation of what is said and supposes "to consider the function of writing as another mode of the talking being in language". The question then arises as to why we speak of the letter and of writing if psychoanalysis is essentially a practice of speech, a device, since Freud, of free association, and not a practice of writing as a representation of speech or even the analysis of a written work, literary or otherwise: to analyze, we need enunciation. The letter will thus be considered as a function of language and enjoyment.

(Re)Construction of the body of transgender women: daily search for (in)satisfaction and care? / (Re)construcción del cuerpo de mujeres transgénero: ¿búsqueda cotidiana de (in)satisfacción y cuidado? / (Re)Construção do corpo de mulheres transgêneras: busca cotidiana de (in)satisfação e cuidado?

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the structure and contents of transgender women's social representations of their bodies and body modification practices. Methods: Research conducted with 92 women using the Snowball technique. The data were collected using the free evocation of words technique and processed by the Evoc software, which organized the central and peripheral elements. Results: The representation of the real body includes two structuring aspects: one related to the need to adapt/modify the body conformation according to the self-reported gender, because of the dissatisfaction with the body itself; the second reveals the happiness/satisfaction considering the results obtained through the body modification/adaptation practices adopted in the transition. Final considerations: The body is constituted as a complex object and was represented by elements that reinforce the understanding of body modifications as needs, with a view to satisfaction, personal fulfillment, and care of one's own body.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar estructura y contenidos de las representaciones sociales de mujeres transgénero sobre el cuerpo y prácticas de modificación corporal adoptadas. Métodos: Investigación realizada con 92 mujeres mediante la técnica Snowball. Los datos fueron recolectados con auxilio de la técnica de evocación libre de palabras y procesadas por el software Evoc, que organizó los elementos centrales y periféricos. Resultados: La representación del cuerpo real engloba dos aspectos estructurantes: un relativo a la necesidad de adecuar/modificar la conformación corporal consonante el género autoinformado, por causa de la insatisfacción con el propio cuerpo; el segundo revela la felicidad/satisfacción considerando los resultados obtenidos por medio de las prácticas de modificaciones/adecuaciones corporales adoptadas en la transición. Consideraciones finales: El cuerpo se constituye como un objeto complejo y fue representado por elementos que refuerzan la comprensión de las modificaciones corporales como necesidades, con fin a la satisfacción, realización personal y cuidados con el propio cuerpo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a estrutura e os conteúdos das representações sociais de mulheres transgêneras sobre o corpo e práticas de modificação corporal adotadas. Métodos: Pesquisa realizada com 92 mulheres mediante a técnica Snowball. Os dados foram coletados com auxílio da técnica de evocação livre de palavras e processadas pelo software Evoc, que organizou os elementos centrais e periféricos. Resultados: A representação do corpo real abarca dois aspectos estruturantes: um relativo à necessidade de adequar/modificar a conformação corporal consoante o gênero autorreferido, por causa da insatisfação com o próprio corpo; o segundo revela a felicidade/satisfação considerando os resultados obtidos por meio das práticas de modificações/adequações corporais adotadas na transição. Considerações finais: O corpo se constitui como um objeto complexo e foi representado por elementos que reforçam a compreensão das modificações corporais como necessidades, com vistas à satisfação, realização pessoal e cuidados com o próprio corpo.

Representação social sobre o aprendizado de estudantesdeOdontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão inseridos em Estágio Curricular na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Social representation on the learning of dentistry students from the Federal University of Maranhão includedin the curricular internship in Primary Health Care

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a representação social sobre o aprendizadode estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão,ao finalde um estágio curricularno contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde,e comparar os resultadoscom as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais vigentes. Foi realizado um estudo de natureza qualitativa, por meio de um questionário, instrumento utilizado para avaliar o estágio, do qual somente a primeira questão era de interesse para este estudo. Nessa questãoera solicitado ao aluno queevocasse,em ordem crescente de importância,cinco palavras que demonstrassem seu aprendizado ao fim do estágio. O questionário foi preenchido pelos egressos do 5º período entre 2016 e 2019, totalizando 100 avaliações.Foi considerada uma abordagem estrutural e Análise Prototípica, na qual se considera a frequência e a ordem das palavras, compondo um núcleo central e periferias. Osoftware utilizado, o OpenEVOC®, identificou 500 termos evocadose 10 que formaram a representação social. O núcleo central foi composto pelos termos: planejamento, conhecimento e gestão; a primeira periferia: organização; na zona de contraste: territorialização e humanização; e segunda periferia: comprometimento, realidade, paciência e metas. As evocações sugerem que o estágiofoicomposto por atividades que dotassemos profissionais de competências e habilidades necessáriasdo novo perfil de profissional. A representação social dos estudantes do curso de Odontologia, inseridos em um estágio ambientado na Atenção Primária à Saúde, é marcada por termos característicos da implementação de conhecimentos do sistema público de saúde brasileiro e reflete conteúdos conexos com as diretrizes curriculares do curso (AU).

This study aimed to identify the social representation on the learning of students of the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Maranhão, at the end of a curricular internship in Primary Health Care, and compare the results with the current National Curricular Guidelines. A qualitative study was carried out using a questionnaire, an instrument used to assess the internship, and only the first question was of interest to this study. In this question, students were asked to evoke five words that demonstrated their learning at the end of the internship in increasing order of importance. The questionnaire was completed by graduates from the 5thperiod between 2016 and 2019, totaling 100 evaluations. A structural approach and Prototypical Analysis were adopted, considering the frequency and order of words, composing a central and peripheral core. Software OpenEVOC® identified 500 evoked terms and 10 that established a social representation. The central core consisted of the following terms: planning, knowledge, and management; the first periphery: organization; the contrast zone: territorialization and humanization; and the second periphery: commitment, reality, patience, and goals. Evocations suggested that the internship consisted of activities that equipped the professionals with the necessary skills and abilities for the new professional profile. The social representation of students in the Dentistry course included in an environmental internship in Primary Health Care is marked by terms typical of implementing knowledge in the Brazilian public health system and shows the course's curricular programs' contents (AU).

The effects of psychopathology and shame on social representations of health and lifestyle behaviours via free association: a graph analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: There is a knowledge gap in whether psychopathology aspects can shape and mark the social representations about health and lifestyle. In this work, we investigated the association of psychopathology and shame with the centrality of the words describing eight common social representations of health and lifestyle. METHODS: A convenience sample of 288 adults participated with an average age of 44.7, and 62.6% were women. The participants were asked to express three consecutive words associated with eight different health and lifestyle experiences by utilizing the free association method. The participants also were completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), the Experiences of Shame Scale (ESS), and the Other as Shamer Scale (OAS). Canonical correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between the set of the eight-word centralities and the psycho-demographic variables consisting of the subject's age and gender, the SCL 90 subscales, the OAS, and the ESS. Based on these findings, a structural equation explorative model was formed to test the unidimensionality of the five centralities construct. RESULTS: Τhe psychological characteristics of interpersonal sensitivity, depression, external shame, and hostility were found to affect the word selection process on the social representations concerning nightlife, health, diet, lifestyle, and alcohol consumption. Participants with increased levels of depression tend to choose more centrally positioned words when the stimulus word was diet and more decentralized responses when the stimulus word was health. At the same time, higher external shame corresponded to more decentralized words for the categories of health and lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that there is a potential interaction between the psychological state and how a social representation of health and lifestyle is constructed through selected words. Graph theory emerged as an additional tool to use to study these relations.

Representações sociais sobre o autismo elaboradas por estudantes universitários / Social representations about autism by university students / Representaciones sociales acerca del autismo desarrolladas por estudiantes universitarios

Este estudo objetivou identificar a estrutura e os processos sociocognitivos da representação social do autismo elaborada por universitários. Participaram 206 universitários brasileiros, maioria mulheres com idade média de 22 anos e provenientes de instituições públicas. Utilizou-se a Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras (TALP), estudada por meio da análise prototípica no IRAMUTEQ e questões dissertativas, cujos dados foram submetidos à apreciação de conteúdo temático-categorial. Os resultados indicaram que a representação social do autismo foi ancorada na doença mental e objetivada na descrição de autismo infantil contida na CID-10, visto que o elemento mais frequente da estrutura foi "criança" e o mais prontamente evocado foi "doença". Tais achados evidenciam, especialmente, que a representação ancorada na doença mental implica em atribuir ao autismo e às pessoas autistas o arcabouço de crenças e cognições que refletem uma atmosfera de muitos desafios para a superação de fenômenos como o preconceito e a discriminação. (AU)

This study aimed to identify the structure and socio-cognitive processes of the social representation of autism elaborated by university students. A total of 206 Brazilian university students participated in the study, most of whom were women attending public universities with a mean age of 22 years. The free word association technique was used, analyzed by prototypical analysis in IRAMUTEQ, and open questions were analyzed with thematic-categorical content analysis. The results revealed that the social representation of autism was anchored in mental illness and objectified in the description of Childhood Autism at ICD-10 since the most frequent element of the structure was "child" and the most readily evoked was "illness." These findings especially suggest that a representation anchored in mental illness implies an attribution of a framework of beliefs and cognitions to autism and autistic people that reflects an atmosphere of many challenges to overcome phenomena such as prejudice and discrimination. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la estructura y los procesos sociocognitivos de la representación social del autismo desarrollada por universitarios. Participaron 206 estudiantes de universidades brasileñas, en su mayoría mujeres con una media de edad de 22 años, provenientes de instituciones públicas. Se utilizó la Técnica de Asociación Libre de Palabras (TALP), investigada mediante análisis prototípico en IRAMUTEQ y preguntas abiertas, cuyos datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido por categorías temáticas. Los resultados indicaron que la representación social del autismo estaba anclada en la enfermedad mental y objetivada en la descripción del autismo infantil contenida en la CIE-10, visto que, el elemento más frecuente de la estructura fue "niño", y el más fácilmente evocado fue "enfermedad". Los hallazgos muestran especialmente que, una representación anclada en la enfermedad mental, implica atribuir al autismo y a las personas autistas en un marco de creencias y cogniciones que refleja una atmósfera de múltiples desafíos para superar fenómenos como el prejuicio y la discriminación. (AU)

Notes on Free-Associative Listening: "I Am Also a Stranger Here".

The unique conditions and characteristics of listening in psychoanalysis are introduced in relation to an effort to define how psychoanalysis proceeds "beyond psychotherapy." Using an example from Freud's self-analysis, the author explores the tenet that every psychoanalytic session is to be treated like a dream. Freud's prescriptions for the method of listening psychoanalytically are critically discussed and the idea of "listening-to-listen" is introduced, as contrasted with listening in order to hear, listening-to-understand or in order to interpret. It is argued that free-associative listening is distinctive as a processive momentum that deconstructively interrogates the practitioner's own mechanisms of suppression and repression. This process fosters an awareness of that which is otherwise than representation, that which cannot be captured within the purview of reflective consciousness. In this sense, healing is not only transformative, but also transmutative, and the psychoanalyst is one for whom nothing is alien and everything is strange.